Websites
Medical Research and Human Experimentation Law. Laws, codes, cases, international, US state and federal documents. http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/research/
United States’ Holocaust Memorial Museum’s bibliography on medical experimentation. http://www.ushmm.org/research/research-in-collections/search-the-collections/bibliography/medical-experiments
Wellness Directory of Minnesota: A Brief History of Human Experiments. http://www.mnwelldir.org/docs/history/experiments.htm
Books
Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, (1996) “The Human Radiation Experiments.” Oxford University Press, NY, NY.
NOTE: From the publisher: “Based on a review of hundreds of thousands of heretofore unavailable or classified documents, this Report
tells a gripping story of the intricate relationship between science
and the state. Under the thick veil of government secrecy, researchers
conducted experiments that ranged from the mundane to such egregious
violations as administering radioactive tracers to mentally retarded
teenagers, injecting plutonium into hospital patients, and intentionally
releasing radiation into the environment.”
Annas, George J., Ed. (1992) “The Nazi Doctors and
the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation.” Oxford
University Press, NY, NY.
Preview in Google Books.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS (partial): Primary Documents – Nazi Doctors, Racial Medicine
and Human Experimentation – Nazi Doctors, German Medicine and Historical
Truth – The Doctors’ Trial and the Nuremberg Code – Opening Statement
of the Prosecution December 9 1946 – Judgment and Aftermath – Historical
Origins of the Nuremberg Code – American Medical Association Code – An
International Overview – The Nuremberg Principles in International Law –
The Influence of the Nuremberg Code on U S Statutes – Ethics versus
Expediency – Ethics and Modern Medical Research – Universality of the
Nuremberg Code – The Doctors Trial and Analogies to the Holocaust in
Contemporary Bioethical Debates – Protecting Human Rights by Restricting
Publication of Unethical Research – AIDS Research and the Nuremberg
Code – Where Do We Go From Here? – Control Council Law No 10 –
Declaration of Helsinki: Recommendations Guiding Doctors in Clinical
Research – Use of Human Volunteers in Experimental Research – Department
of Defense Request for Exemption from Informed Consent Requirements
NOTE: From the publisher: “The
atrocities committed by Nazi physicians and researchers during World
War II prompted the development of the Nuremberg Code to define the
ethics of modern medical experimentation utilizing human subjects. Since
its enunciation, the Code has been viewed as one of the cornerstones of
modern bioethical thought. The sources and ramifications of this
important document are thoroughly discussed in this book by a
distinguished roster of contemporary professionals from the fields of
history, philosophy, medicine, and law. Contributors also include the
chief prosecutor of the Nuremberg Military Tribunal and a moving account
by a survivor of the Mengele Twin Experiments. The book sheds light on
keenly debated issues of both science and jurisprudence, including the
ethics of human experimentation; the doctrine of informed consent; and
the Code’s impact on today’s international human rights agenda. The
historical setting of the Code’s creation, some modern parallels, and
the current attitude of German physicians toward the crimes of the Nazi
era, are discussed in early chapters. The book progresses to a powerful
account of the Doctors’ Trial at Nuremberg, its resulting verdict, and
the Code’s development. The Code’s contemporary influence on both
American and international law is examined in its historical context and
discussed in terms of its universality: are the foundational ethics of
the Code as valid today as when it was originally penned?”
Baumslag, Naomi. (2005) “Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, and Typhus.” Praeger Pub, Westport, CT.
Preview in Google books
TABLE OF CONTENTS (partial):Introduction – War Lice and Disinfection –
From Euthanasia to Murder – Jewish Doctors Struggle to Conceal Typhus
and Save Lives – Pharmaceutical Companies, Typhus Vaccines, Drugs,
Doctors, and Inhuman Experiments – The Red Cross Fails Its Humanitarian
Mission – From Bodies to Bombs -Appendices – Resources
NOTE: From
the publisher: “More than 1.5 million concentration camp prisoners died
of typhus, a preventable disease. Despite advances in public health
measures to control and prevent typhus outbreaks, German doctors, fueled
by their racist ideology and their medieval approach to the disease,
used the disease as a form of biological warfare against Jews, Slavs,
and gypsies. Jewish hospitals in ghettos were burned–along with
patients and staff–if typhus was present. In concentration camps, even
suspected typhus cases were killed in the gas chambers or through
intracardiac injections. Typhus vaccines were tested on prisoners
deliberately infected with typhus. Only a handful of doctors were ever
prosecuted for their crimes.
Against all odds, Jewish health
providers struggled to avoid the worst through innovative steps to save
lives. Despite the removal of their equipment, drugs, and other
resources, they organized health care and sanitary hygienic measures.
Doctors were forced to conceal cases, falsify diagnoses and cause of
death in order to save lives. This important study explores the role of
the International Red Cross in typhus epidemics during and after World
War I and World War II. It details the widespread complicity of foreign
companies in the Nazi typhus research. Finally, the author stresses the
importance of monitoring and holding accountable the medical profession,
researchers, and drug companies that continue to invest in research on
biological agents as weapons of war.”
Cole, Leonard. (1989) “Clouds of Secrecy: The Army’s Germ-Warfare Tests over Populated Areas.” Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, MD.
Preview in Google books
TABLE OF CONTENTS (partial): Biological Warfare in the Past – Living
near Gruinard Island – Fort Detricks Mysteries – The Army’s Germ Warfare
Simulants – Open Air Vulnerability Tests – Edward Nevin and the
Spraying of San Francisco – The Trial – The Yellow Rain Puzzle –
Recombinant DNA Technology and Biological Warfare- Field Experiments:
the Dugway Issue – Worries and Ambiguities – Information for Members of
Congress U – Reports by Dr Stephen Weitzman and Dr J Mehsen Joseph –
Current open air testing NOTE: From the publisher: “Assesses the risks
of the Army’s biological warfare program, discusses uses of germ warfare
in Afghanistan by the Soviet Union, and examines the ethics of such
weapons.” Includes material on tests in Minneapolis, St. Louis, San
Francisco, and the New York subway system.
Felton, Mark. (2012) “The Devil’s Doctors: Japanese
Human Experiments on Allied Prisoners of War” Pen and Sword Books,
Barnsley, England. Also Google eBook
TABLE OF CONTENTS: The Seeds
of Death – Paris of the Orient – Blood Harvest – The Camp – Forced
Labour – Guinea Pigs – Precedents and Paper Trails – Flamingo – Reaping
the Whirlwind – Operation PX – Dark Harvest – Conclusion – Appendices
Preview in Google books (extensive)
Goliszek, Andrew. (2003) “In the Name of Science: A
History of Secret Programs, Medical Research, and Human
Experimentation.” St. Martin’s Press, NY, NY.
Preview in Google books
TABLE OF CONTENTS: The Chemical Revolution: Bringing Bad Things to Life
– Natures Weapons: Man and Biological Warfare – The Eugenics Movement:
Past Present and Future – Human Radiation Experiments – The CIA and
Human Experiments – Silent Conspirators: The Government-Industry
Connection From Aspartame to AZT – Organized Medicine A Century of Human
Experimentation – Ethnic Weapons: The New Genetic Warfare – What the
Future Holds: Human Experimentation in the Twenty-first Century –
Appendices – Bibliography (26 pages)
NOTE: Contains chapters, among
others, on biological warfare, the eugenics movement, the radiation
experiments, the CIA and mind control experiments, twenty appendices,
and a 26 page bibliography
Gray, Fred D. (1988 and 2013) “The Tuskegee Syphilis
Study: An Insiders’ Account of the Shocking Medical Experiment
Conducted by Government Doctors Against African American Men.” NewSouth
Books, Montgomery, AL.
Preview in Google books
TABLE OF
CONTENTS: Listing of Study Participants: 1932-1972 – Introduction –
Macon County Alabama – Origins of the Study – The Study 1932-1972 – The
Study Revealed – An Abrupt End to the Study – The Lawsuit – Aftermath –
The Presidential Apology – The Legacy – Beyond Tuskegee – Epilogue –
Appendix – Bibliography
NOTE: From the publisher: “In 1932, the U.S.
Public Health Service recruited 623 African American men from Macon
County, Alabama, for a study of “the effects of untreated syphilis in
the Negro male.” For the next 40 years — even after the development of
penicillin, the cure for syphilis — these men were denied medical care
for this potentially fatal disease. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was
exposed in 1972, and in 1975 the government settled a lawsuit but
stopped short of admitting wrongdoing. In 1997, President Bill Clinton
welcomed five of the Study survivors to the White House and, on behalf
of the nation, officially apologized for an experiment he described as
wrongful and racist. In this book, the attorney for the men, Fred D.
Gray, describes the background of the Study, the investigation and the
lawsuit, the events leading up to the Presidential apology, and the
ongoing efforts to see that out of this painful and tragic episode of
American history comes lasting good.”
Hornblum, Allen M. (1998) “Acres of Skin: Human
Experiments at Holmesburg Prison: A True Story of Abuse and Exploitation
in the Name of Medical Science.”
Preview in Google Books
Hornblum, Allen M., Newman, Judith Lynn and Dober,
Gregory J. (2013) “Against Their Will: The Secret History of Medical
Experimentation on Children in Cold War America.” St. Martin’s Press,
NY, NY.
Preview in Google Books
TABLE OF CONTENTS (partial):
Introduction: They’d Come for You at Night – The Age of Heroic Medicine –
Eugenics and the Devaluing of Institutionalized Children – World War
II, Patriotism, and the Nuremberg Code – Impact of the Cold War on Human
Experimentation – Vaccines: Institutions for Hydrocephalics and Other
Unfortunates – Skin, Dietary, and Dental Studies – Radiation Experiments
on Children – Psychological Experiments on Children – Psychological
Abuse: I Call That Brainwashing – Reproductive and Sexuality Experiments
– Research Misconduct: Science Actually Encourages Deceit – Conclusion
NOTE: From the publisher: “Through rare interviews and the personal
correspondence of renowned medical investigators, they document how
children—both normal and those termed “feebleminded”—from infants to
teenagers, became human research subjects in terrifying experiments.
They were drafted as “volunteers” to test vaccines, doused with
ringworm, subjected to electric shock, and given lobotomies. They were
also fed radioactive isotopes and exposed to chemical warfare
agents. This groundbreaking book shows how institutional superintendents
influenced by eugenics often turned these children over to scientific
researchers without a second thought. Based on years of archival work
and numerous interviews with both scientific researchers and former test
subjects, this is a fascinating and disturbing look at the dark
underbelly of American medical history.”
Kodish, Eric, Ed. (2005) “Ethics and Research with Children: A Case-Based Approach: A Case-Based Approach.” Oxford Univ. Press, NY, NY.
Preview in Google Books
TABLE OF CONTENTS (partial): Research Involving Healthy Children –
Research Involving at Risk Children – Research Involving Children with
Serious Illness
NOTE: From the publisher: “After years of debate
and controversy, fundamental questions about the morality of pediatric
research persist: Is it ever permissible to use a child as a means to an
end? How much authority should parents have over decisions about
research that involves young children? What should be the role of the
older child in decisions about research participation? How do the
dynamics of hope and desperation influence decisions about research
involving dying children? Should children or their parents be paid for
participation in research? What about economic incentives for doctors,
researchers and the pharmaceutical industry?”
Lederer, Susan E. (1995) “Subjected to Science:
Human Experimentation in America before the Second World War.” Johns
Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, MD.
Preview in Google books
TABLE OF CONTENTS: The Charge of Human Vivisection – The American
Medical Association and the Defense of Research – Human Experimentation
and the AMA Code of Ethics – The Continuing Campaign against Human
Vivisection – Human Experimentation in an Age of Medical Progress
NOTE: From the publisher: “… provides the first full-length history of
biomedical research with human subjects in the earlier period, from
1890 to 1940. Lederer offers detailed accounts of experiments – benign
and otherwise – conducted on both healthy and unhealthy men, women, and
children, including the yellow fever experiments (which ultimately
became the subject of a Broadway play and Hollywood film), Udo Wile’s
“dental drill” experiments on insane patients, and Hideyo Noguchi’s
syphilis experiments, which involved injecting a number of healthy
children and adults with the syphilis germ, luetin.”
Lee, Martin A. and Shlain, Bruce. (1985) “Acid
Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD, the CIA, the Sixties, and
Beyond.” Grove Press, NY, NY.
Preview in Google books
NOTE: From
the publisher: “Acid Dreams is a complete social history of the
psychedelic counter-culture that burst into full view in the Sixties.
With new information obtained through the Freedom of Information Act,
the authors reveal how the CIA became obsessed with LSD during the Cold
War, fearing the Soviets had designs on it as well. What follows is one
of the more bizarre episodes in the covert history of U.S. intelligence
as the search for a “truth drug” began to resemble a James Bond scenario
in which agents spied on drug-addicted prostitutes through two-way
mirrors and countless unwitting citizens received acid with sometimes
tragic results. The story took a new turn when Captain Al Hubbard, the
first of a series of “Johnny Appleseeds” of acid, began to turn on
thousands of scientists, businessmen, church figures, policemen, and
others from different walks of life.”
Milgram, Stanley. (1974) “Obedience to Authority; An Experimental View.” Harper Row, NY, NY.
Preview in Google Books
TABLE OF CONTENTS: Foreword – The Dilemma of Obedience – Method of
Inquiry – Expected Behavior – Closeness of the Victim – Voice Feedback –
Individuals Confront Authority – Further Variations and Controls –
Change of Personnel – Closeness Of Authority – Women As Subjects – The
Victims Limited Contract – Institutional Context – Subject Free To
Choose Shock Level – Individuals Confront Authority II – Role
Permutations – Learner Demands To Be Shocked – An Ordinary Man Gives
Orders – The Subject as Bystander – An Ordinary Man Commanding –
Contradictory Commands – One As Victim – Group Effects – Two Peers Rebel
– A Peer Administers Shocks – Why Obedience? An Analysis – Applying the
Analysis – Strain and Disobedience – Is Aggression the Key? Epilogue
NOTE: From the publisher: “In the 1960s Stanley Milgram carried out a
series of experiments in which human subjects were given progressively
more painful electro-shocks in a careful calibrated series to determine
to what extent people will obey orders even when they knew them to be
painful and immoral-to determine how people will obey authority
regardless of consequences. These experiments came under heavy criticism
at the time but have ultimately been vindicated by the scientific
community. This book is Mailgram’s vivid and persuasive explanation of
his methods.”
Moreno, Jonathan D. (2001) “Undue Risk: Secret State Experiments on Humans.” Routledge, NY, NY.
Preview in Google Books
Moreno, Jonathan D. (2006) “Mind Wars: Brain Research And National Defense.” Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Preview in Google Books
NOTE: From the publisher: “From neuropharmacology to neural imaging to
brain-machine interface devices that relay images and sounds between
human brains and machines, Moreno shows how national security entities
seek to harness the human nervous system in a multitude of ways as a
potent weapon against the enemy soldier. Moreno charts such projects as
monkeys moving robotic arms with their minds, technology to read the
brain’s thought patterns at a distance, the development of “anti-sleep”
drugs to enhance soldiers’ battle performance and others to dampen their
emotional reactions to the violence, and advances that could open the
door to ‘neuroweapons’ –virus-transported molecules to addle the
brain.”
Paola, Frederick Adolf, Walker, Robert, and Nixon,
Lois LaCivita. (2010) “Medical Ethics and Humanities.” Jones and
Bartlett, Sudbury, MA. Also Google e-book.
Preview in Google books (extensive)
NOTE: From the publisher: “A survey of medical ethics and humanities
geared toward physician assistants, analyzing important ethics,
humanities, and law topics. The book explains the various approaches to
ethical analysis and illustrates their application through the use of
cases. “Medical Ethics and Humanities” includes chapter objectives,
chapter summaries, illustrative case studies, and review questions at
the end of each chapter. Important topics include moral rules,
confidentiality, pediatric ethics, and medical malpractice.” Concise and
comprehensive.
Petryna, Adriana. (2009) “When Experiments Travel:
Clinical Trials and the Global Search for Human Subjects.” Princeton
Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ. Also Google e-book.
Preview in Google Books
TABLE OF CONTENTS (partial): ETHICAL VARIABILITY: Treatment Saturation –
Experimentality – Ethics as Workable Document – Floater Sites and
Hidden Harms – The Aftermath of Clinical Trials – ARTS OF DRUG
DEVELOPMENT: Drug Development Services – From Vulnerable to Professional
Subjects – The Pharmaceutical Boom and Everyday Research – Engineering
Out Harm – The Scientific Plateau and the New Safety Paradigm – THE
GLOBAL CLINICAL TRIAL: The Polish Market and the Nonexistent Patient –
Clinical Research Frontiers – Collaborations in Global Science –
Akademia Kliniczna – The Work of Slack – Patient Consumers – Our Society
Was Not Competitive – Pivotal Countries – Insurance and Legal
Protection – PHARMACEUTICALS AND THE RIGHT TO HEALTH: Pharmaceuticals
are the new gold – Health Technology Assessment in Brazil – The
Judicialization of Health – Alternative Treatment Guidelines – The
Clinical Research Unit – When a Country Is a Pharmacy – What Happens
When Clinical Trials End – The Values Patients Bring – Information
Asymmetry and Agency – THE FUTURE OF GLOBAL MEDICINE: Drugs as Public
Goods – Global Health Markets – Innovation
NOTE: From the publisher:
“Our hope for medical progress increasingly depends on the willingness
of the world’s poor to participate in clinical drug trials. While these
experiments often provide those in need with vital and previously
unattainable medical resources, the outsourcing and offshoring of trials
also create new problems….Moving between corporate and scientific
offices in the United States and research and public health sites in
Poland and Brazil, When Experiments Travel documents the
complex ways that commercial medical science, with all its benefits and
risks, is being integrated into local health systems and emerging drug
markets…. Are such trials exploitative or are they social goods? How
are experiments controlled and how is drug safety ensured? And do these
experiments help or harm public health in the countries where they are
conducted?”
Rappoport, John, Editor. “U.S. Government Mind
Control Experimentation on Children.” Flatlands Distribution, P.O. 2420
Fort Bragg, CA 95437, 1995.
NOTE: Testimony from survivors used in
prostitution, pornography and other U.S. government sponsored programs.
Difficult to find.
Ross, Colin A. (2006) “The C.I.A. Doctors: Human
Rights Violations by American Psychiatrists.” Greenleaf Book Group,
Austin, TX. Formerly published in 2000 as “Bluebird: Deliberate Creation
of Multiple Personality by Psychiatrists.” Manitou Communications,
Austin TX. Also Google e-book.
Preview in Google books
TABLE OF
CONTENTS (partial): INTRODUCTION – HISTORICAL BACKGROUND – PROJECT
PAPERCLIP – THE TUSKEEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY – RADIATION EXPERIMENTS – COLD
WARMIND CONTROL EXPERIMENTATION: BLUEBIRD AND ARTICHOKE – MKULTRA AND
MKSEARCH – OTHER CIAMIND CONTROL PROGRAMS – LSD EXPERIMENTS – BRAIN
ELECTRODE IMPLANTS – NONLETHAL WEAPONS – DR LOUIS JOLYON WEST – DR
MARTIN ORNE – DR EWEN CAMERON – JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY – OTHER DOCTORS
IN THE NETWORK – GH ESTABROOKS: GH ESTABROOKS – CASE HISTORIES: LINDA
MACDONALD – MARY RAY – PALLE HARDRUP – SIRHAN SIRHAN – MARK DAVID
CHAPMAN – CONCLUSIONS: IATROGENIC MULTIPLE PERSONALITY DISORDER – THE
REALITY OF THE MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE – REFERENCES: SENATE HEARINGS AND
GOVERNMENT REPORTS: BOOKS AND PAPERS: APPENDICES: GH ESTABROOKS
DOCUMENTS – BLUEBIRD AND ARTICHOKE DOCUMENTS – MKULTRA CONTRACTSAND
SELECTED DOCUMENTS – MKSEARCH CONTRACTS – DOCTORS IN THE NETWORK –
MARTIN ORNE CIA AND MILITARY CONTRACTS – JOLLY WEST CIA AND MILITARY
CONTRACTS – EWEN CAMERON DOCUMENTS – AGENTS TESTED ON HUMANS BY THE US
ARMYINCLUDING VIRUSES BACTERIA VACCINES AND MIND CONTROL DRUGS – OTHER
CIA DOCUMENTS – PROJECT OFTEN DOCUMENTS – THE AMES LEAF ROOM
NOTE:
From the publisher: “The C.I.A. Doctors provides proof based on 15,000
pages of documents obtained from the CIA through the Freedom of
Information Act that there have been pervasive, systematic violations of
human rights by American psychiatrists over the last 65 years. Author
Dr. Colin Ross proves that the Manchurian Candidate “superspy” is fact,
not fiction. Experiments conducted by psychiatrists to create amnesia,
new identities, hypnotic access codes and new memories in the minds of
experimental subjects are described from the doctors’ own publications.
The C.I.A. Doctors proves extensive violations of human rights funded by
the CIA and the military and conducted by American psychiatrists in
North America, perpetrated not by a few renegade doctors, but by leading
psychiatrists, psychologists, pharmacologists, neurosurgeons and
medical schools.”
Reams, Bernard D. and Gary, Carol. (1987) “Human Experimentation: A Bibliography of Materials on Federal Policy and Related Issues. Oceana Publications, NY, NY.
Rivera, Geraldo. (1972) “Willowbrook; A Report on How it is and Why it Doesn’t Have to Be That Way” New York, Random House, NY, NY.
NOTE: Deals with general abuses and the hepatitis experiments performed at Willowbrook.
Shamoo, Adil E., Ed. (1996) “Ethics in
Neurobiological Research with Human Subjects: The Baltimore Conference
on Ethics.” Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Preview in Google books
NOTE: From the publisher: “The purpose of this conference was to bring
together ethicists, psychiatrists, researchers, family members,
consumers, and representatives of government, industry and academia to
discuss the following issues: History and Ethics of Neurobiological
Research with Human Subjects, Current Practices, Informed Consent,
Government Oversight/Institutional Review Boards, and the Patient and
Family Perspective.”
Washington, Harriet A. (2008) “Medical Apartheid:
The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from
Colonial Times to the Present.” Harlem Moon (Random House), NY, NY. Also
Google eBook
Preview in Google books (extensive)
NOTE: From the publisher: “Medical Apartheid
is the first and only comprehensive history of medical experimentation
on African Americans. Starting with the earliest encounters between
black Americans and Western medical researchers and the racist
pseudoscience that resulted, it details the ways both slaves and
freedmen were used in hospitals for experiments conducted without their
knowledge—a tradition that continues today within some black
populations. It reveals how blacks have historically been prey to
grave-robbing as well as unauthorized autopsies and dissections. Moving
into the twentieth century, it shows how the pseudoscience of eugenics
and social Darwinism was used to justify experimental exploitation and
shoddy medical treatment of blacks, and the view that they were
biologically inferior, oversexed, and unfit for adult responsibilities.
Shocking new details about the government’s notorious Tuskegee
experiment are revealed, as are similar, less-well-known medical
atrocities conducted by the government, the armed forces, prisons, and
private institutions.” 20 page bibliography, much of it available in the
preview.
“Human Drug Testing by the CIA.” Hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-fifth Congress, First Session, March 8 and May 23 1977. (Government Printing Office, Washington, DC., 1977).
“Biological Testing Involving Human Subjects by the Department of Defense, 1977.” Hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-fifth Congress, first session, March 8 and May 23, 1977. (Government Printing Office, Washington, DC., 1977).
“The Interim Report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments.” Superintendent of Documents, stock #061-000-00819-5, $9.00. US Govt. Printing Office, P O Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954.
Human Subject Experimentation.” Hearing before the Legislation and National Security Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, second session, September 28, 1994. (Government Printing Office, Washington, DC., 1994).
“Presidential Report on Radiation, March 15, 1995 Testimony of MC Victims.”
NOTE: Videotape of the government hearing: Missoulians for a Clean Environment, P O Box 2885, Missoula, MT 59806.
“Compensating for Research Injuries: A Report on the Ethical and Legal Implications of Programs to Redress Injuries Caused by Biomedical and Behavioral Research.” President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, (Government Printing Office, Washington, DC., 1982).
updated 01/2014