Journal Articles: S to Z
Sachs, Roberta G. "The role of sex and pregnancy in satanic cults." Pre- and Peri-Natal Psychology J 5(2) 1990 pp. 105-13
SUMMARY: Describes the sexual practices and abuse during pregnancy in satanic cults and suggests that this may cause dissociative disorders to develop in (former) members. This occurs as a result of selective breeding for high dissociative ability and repeated trauma, which forces the continual exercise of' the dissociative defense in order to survive. Those that do survive have been conditioned since childhood not to reveal cult practices, and this secrecy may lead many health professionals to miss or overlook the signs and symptoms of past and present satanic abuse and prevent the victims from receiving needed treatment.
Scannell, Tim. "Occult literature: Creative and involving or macabre and satanic?" English J 76(2) N 1987 p. 22 (4).
Schafer, John R. "Investigating child sexual abuse in the American Indian community" American Indian Quarterly , 16(2) 1992 pp. 15--167
SUBJECTS: Indians of North America--United States--Reservations; Child molesting--United States--Investigation; Law--United States--Social aspects; Jurisdiction--United States--Social aspects; United States--Ethnic relations; Sex crimes--United States--Investigation.
Schmuttermaier, John and Veno, Arthur"Counselors' beliefs about ritual abuse: An Australian study." J Child Sexual Abuse, 8(3), 1999 pp. 45-63.
AUTHOR ABSTRACT: This study compares the beliefs held by Center Against Sexual Assault (CASA) workers, psychiatrists, and psychologists about ritual abuse. These beliefs were examined across a number of dimensions, of which five are discussed here: definitions of ritual abuse ; number of cases identified between 1985-95; belief of client statements; religious beliefs; and training in therapy for sexual assault. In spite of the literature indicating broad disagreement with the definition of ritual abuse in other studies, results indicate 70 percent of all counselors agreed with a single definition of ritual abuse , and 85 percent agreed that ritual abuse was an indication of genuine trauma. There were 153 cases of ritual abuse identified by counselors between 1985-1995. Not one of these counselors believed that any of the claims made by their clients were intentionally fabricated. Overall, the CASA workers were much more likely to believe their client's ritual abuse and marginally more likely to identify ritual abuse cases than other therapists. Religious beliefs had no relationship to the identification of ritual abuse . Training in recognition and treatment of sexual abuse was significantly positively related to the identification of ritual abuse cases.
Schnabel, Jim. "Chronic claims of alien abduction and some other traumas as self-victimization syndromes." Dissociation 7(1) 1994, pp. 51-62.
SUMMARY: Discusses the case of an alleged alien abduction (AA) victim in her late twenties who claimed a range of dissociation-related and traumatic experiences. There was a heavy thematic emphasis upon sexual abuse, extending back to a traumatic childhood nonabuse incident, for which she apparently was never amnesic. The AA syndrome and some or all narratives associated with multiple personality disorder and "satanic ritual abuse" do not derive exclusively from severe exogenous trauma and may be more usefully viewed as self-victimization syndromes.
Schreiber, Nadja. "Interviewing techniques in sexual abuse cases - A comparison of a day-care abuse case with normal abuse cases." Swiss Journal of Psychology - Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Psychologie - Revue Suisse de Psychologie, Vol 59(3), Sep 2000. pp. 196-206.
Schumacher, Ruth B. and Carlson, Rebecca S. "Variables and risk factors associated with child abuse in daycare settings." Child Abuse and Neglect 23(9) Sept 1999 pp. 891-898
SUMMARY: The article reviewed the literature regarding child abuse (physical [PA], sexual [SA] and ritual [RA]), with emphasis on identifying variables associated with victims, perpetrators and settings. PA most frequently occurred in the form of over discipline, was a response to prior conflict with the child and may have been inadvertently supported by parental permission for corporal punishment. Although SA occurred less frequently in centers than in homes, effects on the victim seemed worse in centers. SA often included PA. A Satanic overtone was frequently associated with RA, and RA coupled with SA was most devastating. Effects were not temporary. Males predominated in the perpetrator profile.
Schutte, James W. "Repressed memory lawsuits: Potential verdict predictors"Behavioral Sciences and the Law 12(4) 1994 pp. 409-16
SUMMARY: Examined the relationship between verdict and juror sex, ethnicity, religiosity, authoritarianism, and case type in lawsuits involving repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse. 251 undergraduates read excerpts from 1 of 2 hypothetical lawsuits (involving claims of incest or accusations of satanic ritual abuse), rendered an individual verdict, and responded to demographic questionnaires and measures of religiosity and authoritarianism. Jurors who were female, highly religious, and highly authoritarian were most likely to sympathize with the plaintiff. There was no significant relationship between case type and verdict. Females found for the plaintiff 34.7% of the time, while males found for the plaintiff 18.8% of the time.
Schwartz, L. L. "The historical dimensions of cultic techniques of persuasion and control." Cultic Studies J 8(1) 1991 pp. 37-45
Scott, Sara, and Kelly, Liz. "Demons, devils and denial." Trouble and Strife No. 4 1991 p. 3
SUMMARY: Calls for a feminist understanding of ritual/satanic abuse.
Scott, Sara. "Beyond belief: Beyond help? Report on a helpline advertised after the transmission of a Channel 4 film on ritual abuse."Child Abuse Review, Dec93, Vol. 2 Issue 4, pp. 243-250,
Scott, Sara. (2001) "A living hell: Ritual abuse has become an unmentionable topic for many child protector professionals." Commuity Care July 2001 pp. 28-29.
Shaffer, Ruth E. "Adults who report childhood ritualistic abuse," Special issue: Satanic ritual abuse: The current state of knowledge, Psychology and Theology, 203() 1992 pp. 188-93
SUMMARY: Interviewed 20 outpatients (aged 28--53 yrs) who reported memories of ritualistic abuse. Questions focused on the nature of the abuse and its perceived impact on interpersonal, occupational, and spiritual development. Ss entered therapy with similar psychological complaints. Reported psychiatric sequelae included dissociative, affective, somatization, and eating disorders. Abuse experiences were reported to have affected every aspect of their adult functioning. Only 1 S reported vague memories of ritualistic abuse before entering therapy. A composite clinical case study is presented based on the data to illustrate the psychotherapeutic process of uncovering memories.
Shopper, Moisy. "Ritual abuse of children." Amer Acadm Child and Adoles Psych 30(6) 1991 pp. 1023-4
SUMMARY: Comments on B. Nurcombe and J. Unutzer's (see PA, Vol. 78:24632) article on the ritual abuse of children. Recommendations are made concerning Nurcombe and Unutzer's interview of a girl thought to be so abused. The recommendations concern the use of anatomically correct dolls, reality testing, checking consistencies with other documentation, and a possible diagnosis of folie a deux.
Sidey, Kenneth H. "The horror and the hype: While satanism has been thrust into the limelight, experts are calling for careful analysis and reaction," (includes related article), Christianity Today 33(17) No. 1989 p. 48 (2).
Sidey, Kenneth H. "Publisher withdraws satanism story (Satan's Underground by L. Stratford)" Christianity Today Vol. 34 1990 pp. 34-35.
Silvey, Lee A. "Experiment in group therapy for Multiple Personality Disorder." Treating Abuse Today 1(2) May/June 1991 pp. 22-4
NOTE: A narrative report and description of a single experiment with a therapy group for people with Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD). Includes group guidelines, therapeutic themes. and the use of as art and play therapy. Then
KEY WORDS: Adults - Battery - Child Abuse - Dissociative Identity Disorder - Emotional Abuse - Group Psychotherapy - Incest - Play Therapy - Psychotherapeutic Processes - Rape - Ritual Abuse - Survivors
Singer, Margaret T. "Thought reform programs and the production of psychiatric casualties." Psychiatric Annals 20(4) 1990 pp. 188-93
SUMMARY: A thought reform program (TRP) is a behavioral-change technology applied to cause the learning and adoption of an ideology or set of behaviors under certain conditions. The techniques used appear related to the type of psychiatric casualty the program tends to produce (e.g., mood/affect disorders, panic disorders). The TRP impinges on cognition, defenses, affects, values, and conduct. Each person's genetic-biological makeup, life experiences, personality, and mental makeup interact with the stressors induced by the interface of the person's old value, belief, and behavior codes with new beliefs and behavior promulgated by the program. Two case examples are presented.
Sjoberg, R. L. "False allegations of satanic abuse: Case studies from the witch panic in Rattvik 1670-71." Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 6(4) 199, pp. 219-26
Sjöberg, Rickard L. "Child testimonies during an outbreak of witch hysteria: Sweden 1670-1671.<" Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, Sep95, Vol. 36 Issue 6, p1031-1051,
Sjöberg, Rickard L. "False claims of victimization: A historical illustration of a contemporary problem." Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 56(2), 2002. pp. 132-136.
Smith, Martin R. "A reply to Ganaway: The problem of using screen memories as an explanatory device in accounts of ritual abuse," Dissociation 5(2) 1992 pp. 117-19
SUMMARY: Comments on the article by G. K. Ganaway (see PA, Vol. 78:24404) concerning alternative explanations for clients who report accounts of ritual abuse in their backgrounds. Ganaway describes a screen memory as not a real memory but a fantasy. The authors suggest that Ganaway seems to have made a glaring conceptual error in confusing manufactured fantasy material with the idea of screen memory. Ritual abuse should be studied further.
Snow, Barbara and Teena Sorensen (1990). "Ritualistic Child Abuse in a Neighborhood Setting." Interpersonal Violence 5(4) pp. 474-87
SUMMARY: Describes common characteristics in 5 cases of ritualistic abuse that occurred in 5 neighborhoods. 39 children (aged 4-17 yrs) described in clinical interviews at least 6 elements of ritual abuse. Three distinct components to the abuse were identified: incest, neighborhood juvenile perpetration, and organized adult ritual sex rings. These components operated simultaneously and interacted with one another. Lack of understanding of these separate components led to oversimplification of the problem, inaccurate investigative work, and attempts to discredit victims and therapists. The cases of 5 victims (aged 5-16 yrs) illustrate how most Ss showed little symptomology at initial referral with significant increases during disclosure. perpetrators involved religious leaders, women, and many juveniles that were considered conscientious, responsible members of their community.
Sotos, James G., "Devil gets his due: Prison must accommodate satanic rituals." Chicago Daily Law Bulletin 141(3) 1995 p. 6
SUBJECTS: Howard vs. United States--864 F. Supp. 1019 (D. Colo. 1994); Freedom of religion--Litigation; Satanism--Litigation; Prisoners-Religion; United States
Spanos, Nicholas P. "Past-life identities, UFO abductions, and satanic ritual abuse: The social construction of memories." Special Issue: Hypnosis and delayed recall: I. International J Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 42(4) 1994 pp. 433-46
SUMMARY: Examines research associated with past-life experiences, UFO alien contact and abduction, and memory reports of childhood ritual satanic abuse. In each case, elicitation of the fantasy events is frequently associated with hypnotic procedures and structured interviews which provide strong and repeated demands for the requisite experiences, and which then legitimate the experiences as "real memories." Research associated with these phenomena supports the hypothesis that recall is reconstructive and organized in terms of current expectations and beliefs. (German, French and Spanish abstracts).
Speltz, Amy M. "Treating adolescent satanism in art therapy" Special Issue: The creative arts therapies with adolescents, Arts in Psychotherapy 17(2) No. 1990 pp. 147-55
SUMMARY: Attempts to call attention to what seems to be an expanding adolescent population interested in satanism. The primary goal of the therapist is to weaken the link with satanism between the patients' emotions and their art productions. For some patients, artwork can release emotions that were somehow satisfied by satanism. Some helpful techniques for therapists have been (1) avoiding acknowledgment of the sensationalism in the artwork, (2) discussing artistic techniques in the early stages when there is great resistance to the exploration of meaning, (3) exploring meaning when the patient is ready, and (4)developing objectification when the patient is not ready.
Spicer, David. "Abuse by process." Child Abuse Review Sep94, Vol. 3 Issue 3, pp. 159-163.
Stafford, L. L. "Dissociation and multiple personality disorder: A challenge for psychosocial nurses." J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 31(1) 1993 pp. 15-20
SUMMARY: 1. MPD is a disorder in which two or more distinct personality states exist within an individual. At least two of these personalities recurrently take full control of the person's behavior. 2. Most MPD clients report histories of severe childhood trauma, particularly physical, sexual, and ritual cult abuse. MPD most likely originates in childhood, but is not usually diagnosed until adulthood. In most reported cases, the first dissociative episode is thought to have occurred at a very young age. 3. Signs and symptoms that may suggest MPD include a history of medical and psychiatric diagnoses; inconsistencies in accounts of elapsed time and physical behaviors; psychophysiological complaints; experiencing voices inside the head; and an individual referring to herself as "we" instead of "I."
Stafford, Lynn, and Steven, Jay. "Cultural scripts, memories of childhood abuse, and multiple identities: A study of role-played enactments." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, Vol 50(1), Jan 2002. pp. 67-85.
Steck, Gary. "Satanism among adolescents: Empirical and clinical considerations." Adolescence 27(108) 1992 pp. 901-14
SUMMARY: Reviews the literature on adolescent involvement in satanism. Results from a pilot study with 8 adolescent satanists (aged 14--16 yrs) are presented along with a case study to illustrate factors that may alert practitioners to adolescents who are susceptible to satanic influences. Interventions for dealing with this adolescent subpopulation are discussed.
Steele, Howard. "Unrelenting catastrophic trauma within the family: When every secure base is abusive." Attachment & Human Development Vol 5(4), Dec 2003. pp. 353-366.
Steele, K. "Sitting with the shattered soul," Pilgrimage: J Personal Exploration and Psychotherapy, 15(6) 1987
Steele, K. "Sitting with the shattered soul." Treating Abuse Today 1(1) 1991 pp. 12-5
Summit, Roland. "Digging for the truth: The McMartin tunnel project versus trenchant disbelief." Treating Abuse Today 4(4) 1994 pp. 5-13
SUMMARY: This article discusses evidence found in a 1990 archaeological dig supporting the school children's claims that a secret tunnel system existed beneath the McMartin Preschool.
Swatos, William H. Jr. "Adolescent satanism: A research note on exploratory survey data." Review of Religious Research, 34(2) Dec1992 pp. 161-9
Swett, C. and Halpert, M. "Reported history of physical and sexual abuse in relation to dissociation and other symptomology in women psychiatric patients." J Interpersonal Violence Vol. 8 1993 pp. 545-55
Tamarkin, Civia. "Investigative issues in ritual abuse cases. Part I." Treating Abuse Today 4(4) 1994 pp. 14-23
SUMMARY: This article discusses the pitfalls in the investigations of two seminal cases of alleged multi-perpetrator, multi-victim childhood sexual abuse in the early 1980's.
Tamarkin, Civia. "Investigative issues in ritual abuse cases. Part II" Treating Abuse Today 4(5) 1994 pp. 5-9
SUMMARY: This article discusses how political obstacles may hamper ritual abuse investigations. The author profiles several cases where evidence of organized abusive rituals, child pornography, or child smuggling was obtained but cover-up of political considerations blocked the investigations.
Tate, T. "Web of deceit." Nurs Times 86(32) 1990 pp.16-7
Taub, Diane E. "Satanism in contemporary America: Establishment or underground?" Sociological Quarterly 34(3) 1993 p. 523
Tennant-Clark, Cynthia M., Fritz, Janet J. and Beauvais, Fred. "Occult participation: Its impact on adolescent development." Adolescence 24(96) 1989 p. 75.
SUMMARY: This study investigated the relationship between occult participation, substance abuse, and level of self-esteem in adolescents. Data were collected from 50 adolescents who ranged in age from 12 to 19 years and who spoke English as their primary language. The combined group of adolescents consisted of 25 clinical and 25 nonclinical youth.
Thorne, Stephen B. "The role of suggestion in the perception of satanic messages in rock-and-roll recordings." Psychology 116(2) 1984 pp. 245-8
SUMMARY: Examined the role of suggestion in the perception of hearing satanic messages in rock-and-roll recordings presented backward to 65 undergraduates. Ss were placed in 1 of 3 groups: (1) no suggestion regarding message; (2) suggestion that words could be distinguished in the record; and (3) suggestion' that satanic messages could be distinguished in the record. A significantly greater proportion of Ss in the 2nd group reported hearing more words than the members of the other groups. A significantly greater proportion of Ss in the 3rd group reported hearing more messages with satanic content than the members of the other groups.
Thornton, Edward E. "Fragmentation anxiety and the balm of empathy: A pastoral care perspective on satanism." Review and Expositor, 89(3) 1992 pp. 515-26
Trostle, Lawrence C. "Nihilistic adolescents, heavy metal rock music, and paranormal beliefs." Psychological Reports 59(2) 1986 p.610
SUMMARY: Data from a witchcraft scale completed by 66 adolescents (half of whom were self-identified "stoners" (actively engaged in demonic worship and satanic rituals) indicate that self-identification as a stoner was directly correlated with preference for heavy metal rock music.
Trzcinski, Jon. "Heavy metal kids: Are they dancing with the devil?" Child and Youth Care Forum 21()1 1992 pp. 7-22
SUMMARY: Discusses the rise in popularity of heavy metal music with young people, and the associated increased concern among adults about its influence. It is alleged that heavy metal promotes violence, suicide, satanism, and the occult. An examination of adult reaction to rock and roll in the 1950s and 1960s and the diverse messages of heavy metal put such concerns in a different perspective. It is proposed that parents, teachers, and other caregivers achieve an awareness of what young people are hearing, assist them in critical listening, and open channels of communication about the place and meaning of music, including mutual discussion of values, ethics, and morality.
Tucker, Robert. "Comment on Randy Lippert, "The construction of Satanism as a social problem in Canada." Canad J Sociology: Cahiers Canadiens 17(2) 199, p. 184
Underwager, Ralph. "The Christian and satanism." Special issue: Satanic ritual abuse: The current state of knowledge. Psychology and Theology 20(3) 1992 pp. 281-7
SUMMARY: Asserts that it is not Christian doctrine or Christian faith that fuels the belief in a satanic conspiracy. Discipleship in the Christian tradition is inimical to the notion of a worldwide satanic conspiracy that brutalizes children and to any fear or anxiety about an organized satanic worshipping cult. There are no historical, theological, or psychological grounds for believing in the existence of such a conspiracy. Rather, scriptural and theological data confirm that satan is a wholly vanquished foe whose sole remaining capacity is telling lies. The penal freedom from the law achieved in the Gospel permits the believer to accept the claims of God and to refuse to believe the lie of satan.
Valente, Sharon M. "The challenge of ritualistic child abuse." J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 5(2) 1992 pp. 37-46
SUMMARY: Survivors of ritual abuse have endured physical and psychosexual trauma typically compounded by mind-altering drugs. Some abused children have never known a trustworthy adult to protect them from harm. Children often cope with the anxiety and terror of abuse through psychological defenses such as denial, self-hypnosis, and dissociation, but more extreme responses such as self-mutilation or multiple personalities may occur. Reports of ritual abuse of children are so shocking and bizarre that professionals initially respond with confusion and disbelief (Cozolino, 1989). Nurses need to assess clues and detect symbols of abuse in drawings or flashbacks, to build trust, and to monitor their attitudes and countertransference. Nurses are in a critical position to detect and begin healing wounds of ritual abuse.
Valente, Sharon. "Controversies and challenges of ritual abuse." J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2000 Nov 38(11) pp. 8-17.
Van Benschoten, Susan C. "Multiple personality disorder and satanic ritual abuse: The issue of credibility." Dissociation 3(1) 1, 1990 pp. 22-30
SUMMARY: Presents characteristics of ritual abuse and discusses similarities and differences between child and adult multiple personality disorder (MPD) patients reports. Inevitable questions regarding the validity and accuracy of MPD patients' satanic abuse memories are explored. Substantiated occurrence of ritual abuse in contemporary, nonsatanic, dangerous cults is discussed as a framework for considering the authenticity of MPD patients' satanic abuse accounts. It is proposed that an attitude of critical judgment concerning reports of satanic ritual abuse is necessary to avoid either denying the issue or over-generalizing the nature and extent of the problem.
Van der Hart, Onno, and Boon, Suzette. "Contemporary interest in multiple personality disorder and child abuse in the Netherlands." Dissociation: 3(1) 1990 pp. 34-7
SUMMARY: Reviews the current history of multiple personality disorders in the Netherlands. Recent developments closely resemble those that have taken place in the US and Canada. Clinical, theoretical, and research developments are outlined, and the incidence of victims of satanic cult abuse in the Netherlands is discussed. The need for more international cooperation is expressed.
Victor, Jeffrey S. "Fundamentalist religion and the moral crusade against satanism: The social construction of deviant behavior," Deviant Behavior 15(3) 1994 pp. 305-34
SUMMARY: Presents a symbolic interactionist model of the social dynamics of moral crusades to define a new form of deviant behavior. It identifies the collective behavior processes through which a contemporary legend leads to the social construction of deviant behavior, particularly when underlying sources of social stress activate the search for scapegoats. The contemporary legend enables the claims of moral crusaders to reach a wide audience because their propaganda will appeal to familiar preconceptions of the nature of evil in society. The model was developed from research on the claims-making activity of fundamentalists in the moral crusade against satanic cult crime. Fundamentalist religion plays a central role in the social construction of satanic cult crime because it offers (1) a receptive ideology, (2) a well-established communication network, and (3) organizational resources for moral crusaders.
Victor, Jeffrey S. "Ritual abuse and the moral crusade against satanism." Special Issue: Satanic ritual abuse: The current state of knowledge. Psychology and Theology, 20(3) 1992 pp. 248-53
SUMMARY: Examines what accounts for widespread belief in allegations of ritual child abuse by satanic cults in the absence of any verifiable law enforcement or scientific evidence. It is hypothesized that allegations of ritual abuse are manifestations of the social construction of an imaginary form of deviance that is being promoted by a moral crusade against satanism. Events of a satanic cult ritual abuse scare in England are used to illustrate the collective behavior dynamics. Controversies surrounding claims about ritual child abuse can be best understood if they are studied in the social context of the moral crusade against satanism.
Victor, Jeffrey S. "Ritual abuse and the moral crusade against satanism as deviant behavior; reply to C. A. Jenkins." Psychology and Theology 20(3) 1992 pp. 248-253
Wares, Donna. "The unleashing of memory; An unusual case involving child abuse and satanic cults results in an ambiguous conclusion (California)." California Lawyer 11(7) 1991 p. 19
Wass, Hannelore, et alia. "Adolescents' interest in and views of destructive themes in rock music." Omega J Death and Dying 19(3) 1988-89 pp.177-186
SUMMARY: In a survey of rock music preferences and views on themes about homicide, satanism, and suicide (HSS), 694 middle and high school students (aged 12-19 yrs) were administered a questionnaire of structured and open-ended questions. Nine percent of the middle school Ss, 17% of the rural, and 24% of the urban high school Ss were HSS rock fans. Three-fourths of these fans were males and nearly all were White. HSS fans more often claimed to know all the lyrics of their favorite songs than the non-HSS rock fans. HSS fans more often said young children should be permitted to listen to rock music with destructive themes and fewer of them believed that adolescents might commit murder or suicide after having listened to such songs.
Wass, Hannelore, et alia. "Adolescents and destructive themes in rock music: A follow-up" Omega: J Death and Dying 23(3) 1991 pp. 199-206
SUMMARY: Determined rock music preferences and views of themes advocating homicide, suicide, and satanic practices (HSSR) in 120 13-18 yr. old offenders (77.5% male) in 2 youth detention centers. Ss were administered a questionnaire of Likert-type, categorical, and open-ended questions. 91 students were fans of rock music. Of those, approximately 54% were HSSR fans. HSSR fans were more likely to be White and school dropouts, to spend more time listening to music, to think it is harmless for young children to listen to HSSR music, and to assume that HSSR lyrics do not lead to destructive acts. Males and females, from intact and broken homes, were fans.
Wass, Hannelore, et alia. "Factors affecting adolescents' behavior and attitudes toward destructive rock lyrics."
SUMMARY: Explored the rock music preferences of 894 9th through 12th graders in rural, urban, suburban public, and metropolitan parochial schools. 17.5% were fans of rock music with lyrics that promote homicide, suicide, or satanic practices (HSSR). Parents' marital status and Ss' sex, race, and school environment were significant predictors of HSSR status. As compared with non-HSSR fans, the HSSR fans were more likely to have parents who were never married or remarried and less likely to have married parents. HSSR fans were more likely than expected to be male and White and enrolled in urban but not parochial schools.
WaterWomon, Cheryl. "Healing from ritual abuse: A personal journey." Canadian Woman Studies Vol. 12 No. 3, 1991, p. 128.
WaterWomon, Cheryl. "One survivor's experience of ritual abuse." Canadian Woman Studies 11()4 1991 p. 70
Webster, Sallye L. "Double homicide by a 17-year-old self-described satanist." American J Forensic Psychology 1987 5(4) 1987 p. 520
SUMMARY: Discusses the forensic evaluation of a 17-yr.-old male self-described satanist indicted on a double homicide. Following suicide threats, the defendant was evaluated by a prison psychiatrist and a forensic case worker. Results from a battery of tests including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Revised (WAIS--R), the Rorschach test, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) are presented.
Weir, I. Kirk and Wheatcroft, M. S. "Allegations of children's involvement in ritual sexual abuse: Clinical experience of 20 cases." Child Abuse and Neglect 19(4) 1995 pp. 491-505
SUMMARY: Twenty cases were evaluated in which allegations had been made of children being involved in ritual sexual abuse (RSA). A selection of case histories are presented together with a summary of the salient points in the other cases. Using a standard format developed for assessing the validity of allegations in sexual abuse cases, it was concluded that false allegations of ritual sexual abuse occurred in three-quarters of the cases and true allegations only in one-quarter. This high rate of false allegations is unlike the author's clinical experience in other cases of child sexual abuse where the rate of false allegations is much lower and similar to other published series. Reasons for the high rate of false allegations are discussed.
West, Louis J. "A psychiatric overview of cult-related phenomena." Am Acad Psychoanalysis 21(1) 1993 pp. 1-19
SUMMARY: Describes techniques employed by cults to bind and exploit members and the psychiatric consequences of these techniques. Topics discussed include brainwashing, hypnosis and hypnotic suggestion, thought reform and identity change, and the psychological effects of civilian hostage situations such as the Stockholm syndrome of victim identification with the aggressor. Stressors of cult indoctrination are listed, and psychosocial factors of vulnerability in cult members are examined. It is noted that cult influences seem to provoke psychiatric sequelae including psychiatric symptoms that often meet the criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The status of cult-related litigation is discussed.
Wheeler, Barbara R. "Assessment and intervention with adolescents involved in satanism" Social Work 33(6) 1988, pp. 547-50
SUMMARY: Suggests guidelines for interventions with adolescents involved in satan worship. The symbols and activities associated with satanism are described. It is suggested that adolescents become involved in satanism as an escape from feelings of alienation and isolation and because they are disconnected from community values and conventional peer-group activities. The individual motivation involved in satanism may be a need for power. Case examples of 2 15-yr.-old males illustrate the problems in establishing rapport with these clients in therapy and the need to distance such clients from their subculture. The goals of therapy for these individuals include motivational insight and resolution of identity and self-esteem issues.
Wong, Bennet. "A case of multiple life-threatening illnesses related to early ritual abuse." Special issue: "In the shadow of Satan: The ritual abuse of children." Child and Youth Care 1990 pp. 1-26
SUMMARY: Describes the case of a 25-yr.-old woman with a life-threatening lymphoma who had as a child been involved in ritualistic abuse. In group and individual counseling, the S was able to work through the meanings beneath many medical symptoms and overcome numerous episodes of unrelated cancers. The S believed that the cancers protected her, at times, from her memories and from the cult killing her when she refused to come back. The S also felt that the cancers permitted her to express her will in a way that is distinct from the cult programming.
Wood, Hazel. "Ritual abuse: Exposing the secret." Social Work Today 22 1990 p.1218
Wynkoop, Timothy F. "Differential diagnosis of adolescent satanic cult dabblers: A critique of Moriarty." Mental Health Counseling 15(2) 1993 pp. 184-189
SUMMARY: Notes that, in recent work, Moriarty proposed use of differential diagnoses with adolescent satanic cult dabblers and suggested new diagnostic nosologies. Examines Moriarty's work, scrutinizing its justifications, methodology, and technical aspects. Provides suggestions for clarification of diagnostic typologies and directions for empirical research.
Yeager, Catherine A and Lewis, Dorothy Otnow. "False memories of cult abuse. (letter). American J Psychiatry" 154(3) 1997 p. 435.
AUTHOR ABSTRACT: We report here a case of false memories in a patient who presented with signs and symptoms that met DSM-IV criteria for dissociative identity disorder as well as bipolar I disorder. This case illustrates the need for clinicans to keep an open mind regarding a patient's productions, explore the context in which memories first emerged, and attempt to obtain as much objective data as possible regarding the nature of childhood experiences.
Young, M. "The cult member as a patient." Can Med Assoc J 119(8) 1978 pp. 851-2, p.854
Young, Walter C., Sachs, Roberta G., Braun, Bennett G., and Watkins, R. T. "Patients reporting ritual abuse in childhood: A clinical syndrome. Report of 37 cases." [see comments] Child Abuse and Neglect 15(3) 1991 pp. 181-9
SUMMARY: Describes 37 patients (aged 18--47 yrs) with dissociative disorders who reported ritual abuse in childhood by satanic cults. Ss came from a variety of separate clinical settings and geographical locations and reported a number of similar abuses. The most frequently reported types of ritual abuse are outlined, and a clinical syndrome is presented that includes dissociative states with satanic overtones, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), survivor guilt, self-abuse, unusual fears, sexualization of sadistic impulses, indoctrinated beliefs, and substance abuse. Questions relating to issues of reliability, credibility, and verifiability of the Ss' reports are discussed. Two clinical vignettes involving 2 female patients (aged 30 and 38 yrs) with multiple personality disorder are presented. (French and Spanish abstracts).
Young, Walter C. "Patients reporting ritual abuse in childhood: A clinical response," Reply, Child Abuse and Neglect, 15(4) 1991 pp. 611-613
SUMMARY: Replies to the comment by S. Mulhern (see PA, Vol. 79:9401) concerning the original article by W. C. Young, et. al. (see PA, Vol. 78:24666) on patients reporting ritual abuse in childhood and argues that the original article meant to publish the accounts for further investigation and not to argue for their veracity.
Young, Walter C. "Sadistic ritual abuse. An overview in detection and management." Primary Care 20(2) 1993 pp. 447-58
SUMMARY: Sadistic ritual abuse, including satanic cult abuse, is emerging as a syndrome among people with severe dissociative disorders, including multiple personality disorder. This article discusses the essential features that compose the clinical picture of sadistic ritual abuse in adults, adolescents, and children. Particular attention is paid to the differences between adolescents who may have been victimized by adults in sadistic and ritualized ways and disenfranchised "teenage dabblers" who may temporarily adopt a ritualized lifestyle as a way of expressing or acting out. The article also covers guidelines for appropriate medical, pharmacologic, and referral interventions. The controversy surrounding sadistic ritual abuse is discussed thoroughly, and primary care physicians are advised of the current status of understanding and validation in this area.
Youngson, Sheila C. "Ritual abuse: Consequences for professionals." Child Abuse Review, Dec93, Vol. 2 Issue 4, pp. 251-262.
Zerbe, Kathryn J. "Recurrent pancreatitis presenting as fever of unknown origin in a recovering bulimic. International Journal of Eating Disorders , 12(3): pp. 337-340, November 1992
AUTHOR ABSTRACT:A case is presented of a patient with bulimia nervosa who developed fever of unknown origin. A comprehensive medical workup revealed that the patient suffered from acute recurrent pancreatitis. The case demonstrates how acute recurrent pancreatitis may present without abdominal pain or other hallmarks of the illness in a patient who has been in excellent control of her eating disorder. It behooves clinicians who treat eating disorders to be aware that their patients may present unusual symptom constellations while holding back crucial historical data about their illnesses. The treatment of the pancreatitis and preparation for diagnostic procedures by cathartics led to a rapid exacerbation of the patient's eating disorder.
KEY WORDS: Adults - Bulimia Nervosa - Case Report - Child Abuse - Differential Diagnosis - Females - Psychiatric Inpatients - PTSD - Rape - Ritual Abuse - Survivors
Zerin, Marjory F. "The Pied Piper phenomenon and the processing of victims: The Transactional Analysis perspective re-examined." Transactional Analysis J 13(3) Jul 1983,pp. 172-7
SUMMARY: Discusses the attractions of cults and cult figures from a Transactional Analysis perspective. From such a perspective, each person is in charge of his/her own thoughts, feelings, and actions; yet a substantial body of evidence suggests that victims can be processed without their knowledge by the systematic manipulation of social psychological influence in controlled settings (brainwashing). Brainwashing occurs in 3 steps: (1) gaining control of the victim's time, activities, and mental life; (2) placing the victim in a position of powerlessness; and (3) suppressing the victim's former identity. Cults are characterized by deception, debilitation, dependency, dread, and desensitization. The author contends that vulnerability to cult recruitment depends on how long the victim is exposed to the organization. Length of exposure also affects chances of rehabilitation. In order for therapists to help cult victims, they must (1) understand what the victim has been through and is experiencing internally, (2) be clear about the difference between a psychotherapeutic community and a cultic environment, and (3) know how to defend themselves against subversion and exploitation.
No author cited. "Survivors of sadistic abuse: How to spot them." Emergency Medicine 25(11) 1993 p. 83
SUMMARY: In both children and adults who have been subjected to prolonged physical and sexual abuse, including the "ritual" abuse that sometimes occurs in religious belief systems, dissociation is often a presenting symptom.
No author cited. "Ritual child abuse: Where do we go from here?" Children's Legal Rights J Vol. 12(1) 1991 p.13.
No author cited. "Manson revisited: The story behind Matamoros." Executive Intelligence Review 16(20) 1989 p.32
SUMMARY: One week before the grisly Matamoros murders, the FBI's top expert on child abuse claimed that there is no such thing as Satanic ritual human sacrifice. The official cover-up claims that the Manson murders, the Atlanta child murders, the Matamoros killings are isolated instances of psychosis. The dossier we present here begins to expose this dreadful hoax.
No author cited. "Members of Satanic cult sentenced for rape, murder." Current Digest Post-Soviet Press. 49(18) 1997 p.18.
No author "Politics of survival." Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social & Cultural Series, Jun2004, Vol. 41 Issue 6, p15796.
No author cited. " Court nullifies referendum." Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social & Cultural Series, Jun2004, Vol. 41 Issue 6, p15797.
No author cited. "Zanzibar turmoil." Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social & Cultural Series, Jun2004, Vol. 41 Issue 6, pp. 15796-15797,